Children's Lit Montano urges a rigorous critical examination of children's literature for racism, linguicism, sexism, and bias. The importance of critical examination is to empower teachers, students, and parents to recognize the root causes of bias, prejudice, and stereotype. The function is not simply to point out obvious instances of racism, linguicism, sexism, and other biases. Moreover, it is not enough to include literature written from multicultural perspectives in classroom syllabi. As Gonzalez & Montano (2008) point out, it is important to recognize bias in all its forms: "The mere inclusion of multicultural literature is not enough to disrupt privilege or injustice. Nor is it enough to ask teachers to deconstruct stereotypes in texts and images if teachers are unaware of the subtle biases that exist therein," (p. 77). Montano calls the process of analysis critical literacy.

The process by which critical literacy can be attained varies but Montano provides a detailed and organized method of analysis. An analysis of the following four books highlights the ways children's literature can become a vehicle for more extensive media literacy as the child grows. As children's literature sets the foundation for value construction, norm building, and worldview creation, parents and teachers cannot underestimate the importance of critical literacy in childhood.

1. L. Frank Baum's Wonderful Wizard of Oz. 1900.

Baum's book might have become more popular in its film format, but the 1939 movie does not completely overshadow its printed counterpart. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz remains a mainstay on children's literature shelves at homes and in school and public libraries. Therefore, a critical reading is crucial. The book details the magical journey of Dorothy Gale, simple farm girl from Kansas. Dorothy has been orphaned, and is raised by Auntie Em and Uncle Henry. After a brutal tornado hits Kansas, Dorothy and her faithful dog Toto are transported to an alternative universe in Oz....

The bulk of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz takes place in Oz, where Dororthy amasses a band of friends including the Tin Man, the Scarecrow, and the Cowardly Lion. Along with Toto, the four friends seek the titular wizard so that they can all ask for a special gift. Dorothy's wish is to be taken home to Kansas.
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz remains relatively clean even of tinges of bias. There are certainly no overt references to racism, sexism, or linguicism. In fact, Dorothy's character presents young female readers with a strong and independent role model -- and one that comes from an alternative household. The Wicked Witch -- Dorothy's main foil and the book's primary antagonist -- is green. She bears no resemblance to any real-life human ethnic group. As a female foil, she also highlights the multifaceted means by which human power is obtained and maintained without reference to gender hierarchies. Even though the wizard is male, he bears none of the stereotypes of masculinity. In fact, gender stereotypes are near-absent in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in spite of its being written nearly a century ago. Therefore, Baum's book remains a cornerstone of enlightened children's literature.

2. Herge, Tin in the Congo, 1930

Another classic of children's literature is nearly the opposite of Baum's book in its overt racist undertones and complete ignorance of the impact of colonialism. The Tin series recently came under fire when the cultural director of Stockholm's Culture House participated in a high profile media event in which the entire series was shifted from the children's section to the adult shelves in a Swedish bookstore. The reshelving was controversial because it stank of censorship, and yet the move drew close attention to the importance of critical literacy. In Tin in the Congo, the hero travels to Africa with his uber-white dog named Snowy. Already, the tint of race permeates the book. When Tin hires a local black boy named Coco (an overt reference to his chocolate-colored…